How useful has a particular critical approach been in gaining a deeper understanding and appreciation of your chosen film? (30)

Concepts of critical understanding have been an important feature within my initial understanding of David Fincher's Fight Club. Coming to terms with the crisis of masculinity has enabled my knowledge of this film to explore not only the technical aspects but also relating these to conceptual ideologies which were around during the 90's. Representing societies reaction to constant technological development around in the 90's, Fight Club starts by exploring the idea of excessive consumerism which followed this.
Throughout the 1990's societies opinions on males were focused around the basic concept of the crisis of masculinity which focused purely on the idea that men were beginning to loose the dominance they were commonly associated with. Men were loosing the features which defined them as men; or the features which society has began to believe as what should define them as men. Fight Club is seen to use this approach to explore the idea of men defying this ideology by creating a "fight club" to "bring back their masculinity."
However, through analysis of the scenes from the fight club itself, aspects could be seen to be leading a more homosexual subtext in comparison to the initial thought of highlighting male testosterone. The  room in which fight club takes place is a dingy pub basement, in which the men are shown under low key lighting fighting with each other half naked. These simple features within the construction of the scene resemble that of Experimental Kenneth Anger film Fireworks, a film which was known as the basis of queer cinema. These references to queer cinema also come in further on in the film during the scene which The Narrator is fighting with Angel Face, during this fight specific shots are used to reference Fireworks. These shots in particular are upside down close ups of Angel Face's head and shoulders with low key lighting

Presentation Script - Finished

How is the issue of race dealt with in contemporary American cinema

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“Cinema tends to be dismissed as mere entertainment, yet it has profound effects shaping our thinking and our behaviour.” (Item 15) “Although it would be nice to think that we have complete control over the shaping of our identity, this cannot be the case when we live in such a media saturated world” (Item 13)

Speaker:

“Cinema tends to be dismissed as mere entertainment, yet it has profound effects shaping our thinking and our behaviour.” (Item 15) “Although it would be nice to think that we have complete control over the shaping of our identity, this cannot be the case when we live in such a media saturated world” (Item 13) It should be the case that the messages and issues arising in film are that which will reflect upon cultural opinions of the time. Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer argued this, stating that film merely extends the ideology of society. Therefore, what better thing to focus on, than the controversial issue of race and how it is depicted within Hollywood cinema and therefore how society reflects this issue.

 Hollywood mainstream films are those which can have the highest level of impact within the society due to the extent of their range across the world; and therefore it is not necessarily incorrect to assume that Hollywood cinema uses this advantage to explore such disputed issues in order to reflect societies opinions and even question them. There is no doubt, that race has been a controversial topic within society and since the introduction of cinema in the late 19^th century there have been many films produced to deal with race as a topic. A more dominant cultural issue within the 1960’s, and the civil rights era, racial based narratives have become much more prominent within contemporary cinema for reasons which I will discuss further. 

Although it would be comforting to think that the world is progressing in terms of accepting multiculturalism. With further analysis into particular character types and their representations within African American based cinema; it can easily be argued that Hollywood (and therefore society) is unable to showcase this in the open and diverse way which would be hoped for. In order to understand the discussions which I will arise there must be an understanding into the history behind civil rights.

Play : Civil Rights Speeches Video (Item 21)

Speaker:
Throughout American history the ideals of racial acceptance have always been prominent, yet it wasn’t until the civil rights era of the 60's that this became a much more dominant feature within American society. “The civil rights movement grew in strength and impetus throughout the 1950’s and 60’s” (item 16) this was the time which brought to light all of the racial issues within American culture.

One of the most highly acclaimed films of this era, also said to be “the first Hollywood film to deal honestly with racial issues” (item 4) is To Kill A Mockingbird. A film which delves into the issue of racial inequality through the underlying narrative of Gregory Pecks character Atticus Finch defending black male Tom Robinson against an unjust accusation of the rape of a white woman. The focus throughout this film is on the selfless actions of Atticus Finch and the problems they caused him and his family; rather than the tribulations faced by Robinson through this time. “So we have a white film about racial injustice that winds up dealing with only the white character in depth” (item 4) which is also the case for the more contemporary films I intend to discuss further. Atticus Finch is a character portrayed as an heroic prejudice free white man, even with the problems he faces with the racists in the town he seems to be respected by all, including the black community.

Play: TKAM clip – courtroom scene after Tom Robinson is convicted by the jury.  

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“A good way to evaluate the ideology of mainstream film is to analyse the characters with whom the film asks the audience to identify.” (item 15)

Speaker:

This scene showing the reaction of the black community to the support Finch gave to Tom Robinson during his trial. The standing ovation given by the black observers of the trial to Finch even after Tom Robinson was convicted, highlights the way in which the "white lawyer" is represented throughout this film. Each of the black characters within TKAM respect Atticus Finch for what he is dealing with for Tom Robinson, they understand the hardships that he must be facing to be defending him during this time. The fact that the segregated black community all stands up for Atticus before he leaves, and one man tells Scout to stand while "her father’s passing" shows the respect that they held for this man. Or more so, the respect in which white director Robert Mulligan felt the black community should have for a white man. The idea of black inferiority comes into play here (Item 18) as not only is Tom Robinson convicted for the crime he did not commit due to the unequal American justice system , this scene straight after proves just how "superior" the white man supposedly is to the black community.

Race is pushed aside within this film, “so intent of depicting human dignity, seems to overlook the indignities of its very subject, racial prejudice.” (item 4) And so, can it actually be discussed as a film which shows any clear representation of race at all? “A good way to evaluate the ideology of mainstream film is to analyse the characters with whom the film asks the audience to identify.” (item 15) and so an the answer to that lies within the depiction of the “anti-racist white lawyer,” (item 19) such as Atticus Finch, in comparison to the depiction of the less dominant black characters. This is also a clear starting point for the discussion of race within the other contemporary films I intend to explore. If there was a film released in the post civil rights era which showcased the racial views that To Kill A Mockingbird does, even if it was as well made, I do not feel it would receive close to the recognition which TKAM did. Although this could easily be said to show an advance in the racial equality within American culture, it's not to say that just because a contemporary film doesn't show a prominent racist theme towards its characters, that there isn't one.  

Each of my chosen films are courtroom dramas concerning either a black man on trial (TKAM and ATTK) or in the case of Ghosts of Mississippi, a white man on a reopened trial due to his murder of a civil rights activist. Throughout all of these films, there is the prominent protagonist of the white male lawyer. A character type and viewpoint that is not altered along with the change in outcome or the 30 year gap between the release of the films. Each of these films focus on the heroic actions of these white male leads, with much of the screen time dedicated to the trials they faced from the community instead of the black characters. “The white saviour's viewpoint becomes the narrative focus, while the perspectives of African American characters and their broader community are peripheral at best, if not entirely absent.” (item 8) “Although neither film was as widely acclaimed as TKAM they served as important forms of cultural memory in highlighting the ways the anti-racist white hero genre continued in the 1990s” (item 19)

1996 was the year set for the battle of racial prejudice Hollywood films. Both A Time to Kill and Ghost of Mississippi were released in this year, which also happened to be the year the California proposition 209 was enforced “to prohibit public institutions from discriminating on the basis of race, sex, or ethnicity” (item 20) This makes the time period, (very similar to that of TKAM in relation to the civil rights era) an important feature in the reception and spectatorship of the films and representations. “What these films shared with this particular moment in the golden state was an understanding that racial progress had been made” (item 19) not only had the new law been passed in the centre of all things cinema, but now Hollywood was open to developing the stereotypes of African Americans previously created. Or so it was thought. 

Let’s take a look into my focus film of A Time to Kill, and its representation of both the white and black characters. Showcasing the trial of Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L Jackson) after he violently gunned down the two white males responsible for the rape and assault of his young daughter Tonya. In ATTK “some characters have been compressed” (item 5) including that of the man black character Hailey, with the film focusing on his attorney Mr Jack Briggance. Played by Matthew McConaughey, Briggance is portrayed to us as the heroic attorney who faces relentless attacks by the racists from the town of Canton; yet is not fazed by it. Unlike, lawyer Delaughter in Ghosts of Mississippi, Briggance never questions his decision to take on the controversial case even when forced to cope with the revival of the Canton KKK. This decision is only questioned by Hailey himself when offered the opportunity to gain a free attorney from the NAACP; but of course, he sticks with his decision to have a white attorney even at the cost. The fact Hailey turns down this offer, seems to encourage the connotation of black skin on screen used to highlight white superiority, and self regarded as black inferiority (item 18) which is also the case for GOM when Ever’s wife (Whoopi Goldburg) decides to stick with Delaughter even when she has the opportunity for other lawyers.

Initially there seems to be a similar link with ATTK and TKAM In terms of the way both lawyers are highly respected by the black community. This is shown in ATTK when Hailey originally decides to use Briggance as his attorney because he managed to acquit his brother the previous year; if Hailey did not respect the work Briggance had done on this case, or the way he had treated his brother due to his race he would not be the person Hailey would choose to defend him.

Play:  ATTK clip – Prison cell discussion between Briggance and Hailey

Speaker:

Towards the end of the film, when Hailey's trial is close in sight, this clip actually tells us the reasoning behind Hailey’s choice of Briggance as his attorney throughout everything. Briggance perceives in the way which the rest of the jury do, he has the mind of a southern white man and is therefore "one of the bad guys" even though he "doesn't mean to be" Hailey's view on keeping him as his lawyer was that if this man is unable to convince a jury of his peers that he is innocent, then no one would be able too. Although that throughout the rest of the film it is believed by the viewer that Hailey has chosen Briggance as his attorney because he respects the work he does and his ability (as an intellectual white man) this twist in the plot begins to highlight a certain friction between these characters which neither one seems to have been willing to address previously. In ATTK the black community is represented solely by Hailey's character though even his does not go into much depth, the knowledge he gives us here emphasizes how at this time in society there is much more resentment between the races than shown in TKAM.

When analysing different elements of this film there seems to be different opinions represented in terms of race throughout. Unlike TKAM the final verdict is in favour of Hailey, which is supposedly supposed to showcase the change in the equality of the American justice system over the thirty year gap between these films. Adding this to the change in how much respect the white community gain from the black public one would assume that this film has began to change alongside society and portray Hollywood as more accepting of race. Yet  with knowledge of the common use of the "white male lawyer" within films such as this, and the extent to which ATTK focuses on McConaughey's character. It can also be argued that on the surface of this film there seems to be a more positive representation of race, however there is also the underlying theme of the prominent male character who the narrative should realistically not focus on which begs the question, is Hollywood ready to delve into a character such as Tom Robinson or Carl Lee Hailey, or are they still held up on the racial aspect revolved around this?

 

In comparison to ATTK in fact showing resentment between the black and white characters presumably due to the time it was made, Ghosts of Mississippi, released at the same time shows the opposite. Although Myrlie Evers does not initially hold faith with the Lawyer Delaughter (played by Alec Baldwin) but as the film progresses she seems to respect him in a much similar way to how Atticus Finch is respected in TKAM. Again, in order to undeniably show the “change” in Hollywood’s representation of race, this trial again ends with the conviction of Byron De La Beckwith for the murder of Myrlie’s civil rights activist husband 25 years previous.

In an incredibly similar way to ATTK, rather than focusing on Myrlie Evers and her struggle to reopen the trial, GOM is focused on DeLaugther’s struggle to gain any substantial evidence and keep his family together.

Play:  GOM scene – Delaughter’s son fighting leading into hospital scene.

Play: TKAM Scout (Finch’s daughter) fighting scene.

Speaker:
As shown by the similarities in problems faced by the children of the lawyers in both GOM and TKAM these clips help to reinforce the idea that the white lawyer and the tribulations they face are the central aspect of these films and how even over the time period between these films the character type has not changed. This is therefore just another “white film about racial injustice that winds up dealing with only white characters in depth” (item 4) The representation of the black community comes mainly from the way in which Myrlie is portrayed throughout the film, although she is seen as a strong independent woman after the loss of her husband, director Reiner, “limits Whoopi Goldberg's role as the widowed Myrlie Evers to a glorified cameo appearance, and reduces the rest of Evers family to mere extras.” (Item 14)

 It is therefore difficult to argue any particular point as to how race is represented within contemporary American cinema, as I am not even sure if Hollywood knows the answer to that. This confusion between the representations could be said to come from the directors. These films are all shot through the eyes of white directors, this gives us the impression that although there are examples of changes in the representation of race in relation to the time periods; the underlying character of the white male lawyer who is represented throughout these genre of films as “the black man’s saviour” could be argued as an obstacle in the way of an entirely positive view of race within film. Until this character type is questioned and defeated, and Hollywood can get to grips with the idea of a heroic black character I find it difficult to believe there will be any films produced with a positive portrayal of blacks in the same way that is expected of the white characters. But for now Hollywood strives with the view that “White people must occupy the centre, leaving black people with only one choice – to exist in relation to whiteness” (item 17)